Abstract Usually the genetics of human longevity is restricted to the nuclear genome nDNA. Introduction Longevity is a complex trait whose genetics has been extensively studied since many years. The Nuclear Genome The study of genetics of ageing in human being is tangled given the high complexity of the interaction between heterogeneous environmental factors and genetic variability across a long period of time.
The Mitochondrial Genome Several theories on ageing process and longevity posed mitochondria in a central position. Gut Microbiome In humans most of the microorganisms reside in the intestinal tract and their role is so central that all these microbes are considered as an additional organ, characterized by its own genome [ 89 ].
The Remodeling Theory of Ageing Human physiology undergoes profound changes from birth to old age. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Gut Microbiota-Host Genes Crosstalk and Role of the Diet The three-way interaction between human genetics, environment, and microbiota fundamentally shaped the biological history of modern human populations and continues to affect healthy globally.
Conclusions: The Omic Challenge This overview clearly shows that the knowledge of the genetics of human ageing relies on three pillars, that is, nuclear genetics, mitochondria genetics, and microbiome genetics. Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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What happens to your cells when this DNA mutates? Aa Aa Aa. Mitochondrial Anatomy and Physiology. Mitochondrial vs. Nuclear DNA. Figure 2. Mitochondrial DNA Mutations. Table 1: Estimated mitochondrial dNTP concentrations in rat tissues. Figure Detail. Clinical Manifestations of Mitochondrial Mutations. Classic Mitochondrial Syndromes. Table 3. Mitochondrial mutations are also likely to contribute to a number of common clinical diseases.
One example is diabetes, which is the most prevalent metabolic disease affecting humans. It is also likely that mitochondrial mutations may predispose individuals to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Mitochondrial Inheritance. The mitochondrial DNA is critically important for many of the pathways that produce energy within the mitochondria. And if there's a defect in some of those mitochondrial DNA bases, that is to say a mutation, you will have a mitochondrial disease, which will involve the inability to produce sufficient energy in things like the muscle and the brain, and the kidney.
So this is very helpful sometimes in determining how a person has a certain disorder in the family. Sometimes a disease will be inherited through the mother's line, as opposed to both parents. You can tell from a pedigree or a group of family history whether or not this is a mitochondrial disease because of that.
William Gahl, M.
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