Get a flu shot every year, and your doctor may recommend the pneumonia vaccine, as well. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC also currently recommends hepatitis B vaccination if you haven't previously been vaccinated against hepatitis B and you're an adult ages 19 to 59 with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The most recent CDC guidelines advise vaccination as soon as possible after diagnosis with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. If you are age 60 or older, have diabetes, and haven't previously received the vaccine, talk to your doctor about whether it's right for you.
If you drink alcohol, do so responsibly. Alcohol can cause either high or low blood sugar, depending on how much you drink and if you eat at the same time. If you choose to drink, do so only in moderation — one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men — and always with food. Remember to include the carbohydrates from any alcohol you drink in your daily carbohydrate count. And check your blood sugar levels before going to bed. Numerous substances have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in some studies, while other studies fail to find any benefit for blood sugar control or in lowering A1C levels.
Because of the conflicting findings, there aren't any alternative therapies that are currently recommended to help everyone with blood sugar management. If you decide to try any type of alternative therapy, don't stop taking the medications that your doctor has prescribed. Be sure to discuss the use of any of these therapies with your doctor to make sure that they won't cause adverse reactions or interact with your current therapy.
Additionally, there are no treatments — alternative or conventional — that can cure diabetes, so it's critical that people who are receiving insulin therapy for diabetes don't stop using insulin unless directed to do so by their physicians.
Living with diabetes can be difficult and frustrating. Sometimes, even when you've done everything right, your blood sugar levels may rise.
But stick with your diabetes management plan, and you'll likely see a positive difference in your A1C when you visit your doctor. Because good diabetes management can be time-consuming, and sometimes overwhelming, some people find it helps to talk to someone.
Your doctor can probably recommend a mental health professional for you to speak with, or you may want to try a support group. Sharing your frustrations and your triumphs with people who understand what you're going through can be very helpful.
And you may find that others have great tips to share about diabetes management. You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor if you're having diabetes symptoms. If your child is having diabetes symptoms, you might see your child's pediatrician. If blood sugar levels are extremely high, you'll likely be sent to the emergency room. If blood sugar levels aren't high enough to put you or your child immediately at risk, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in diabetes, among other disorders endocrinologist.
Soon after diagnosis, you'll also likely meet with a diabetes educator and a dietitian to get more information on managing your diabetes. Preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time with your doctor.
For diabetes, some questions to ask include:. Diabetes care at Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. This content does not have an English version. This content does not have an Arabic version. Diagnosis Symptoms of type 1 diabetes often appear suddenly and are often the reason for checking blood sugar levels.
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Show more related information. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references Ferri FF. Diabetes mellitus. In: Ferri's Clinical Advisor Philadelphia, Pa. Accessed March 6, Standards of medical care in diabetes — Diabetes Care. Papadakis MA, et al. Diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia. New York, N. Gabbe SG, et al. Diabetes mellitus complicating normal pregnancy.
In: Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. Accessed Jan. Cunningham FG, et al. In: Williams Obstetrics. Artificial pancreas. Accessed March 11, Natural medicines in the clinical management of diabetes. Natural Medicines. Morrow ES. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic. Kasper DL, et al. Diabetes mellitus: Diagnosis, classification and pathophysiology. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. Accessed April 16, American Diabetes Association.
Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes — Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Mayo Clinic; FDA authorizes first interoperable, automated insulin dosing controller designed to allow more choices for patients looking to customize their individual diabetes management device system.
Food and Drug Administration. Accessed Sept. Some people will use a long-acting insulin injection to maintain consistently low blood sugar levels.
Some people may use short-acting insulin or a combination of insulin types. Whatever the type, a person will usually check their blood glucose levels using a fingerstick. This method of checking blood sugar levels involves using a special, portable machine called a glucometer. A person with type I diabetes will then use the reading of their blood sugar level to determine how much insulin they need. Self-monitoring is the only way a person can find out their blood sugar levels.
Assuming the level from any physical symptoms that occur may be dangerous unless a person suspects extremely low glucose and thinks they need a rapid dose of glucose. The discovery of insulin was fascinating and controversial. Click here to learn more. Insulin helps people with diabetes live an active lifestyle. However, it can lead to serious side effects, especially if a person administers too much.
Excessive insulin can cause hypoglycemia , or extremely low blood sugar, and lead to nausea, sweating, and shaking. It is essential that people measure insulin carefully and eat a consistent diet that balances blood sugar levels as much as possible. In addition to insulin, other types of medication are available that can help a person to manage their condition.
As well as diabetes, a person may also have other health risks, and they may need medication to control these. A doctor will advise the individual about their needs. In , new guidelines also recommended prescribing additional drugs for people with:. For those with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and a high risk of heart failure , the guidelines advise doctors to prescribe an SGLT2 inhibitor. GLP-1 receptor agonists work by increasing the amount of insulin the body produces and decreasing the amount of glucose that enters the bloodstream.
It is an injectable drug. People may use it with metformin or alone. Side effects include gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea and a loss of appetite. SLGT2 inhibitors are a new type of drug for lowering blood glucose levels. They work separately from insulin, and they may be useful for people who are not ready to start using insulin. People can take it by mouth.
Side effects include a higher risk of urinary and genital infections and ketoacidosis. Learn more about other medications and treatments for managing diabetes by clicking here. Self-monitoring can be vital for moderating blood glucose. Self-monitoring blood sugar levels is vital for effective diabetes management , helping to regulate meal scheduling, physical activity, and when to take medication, including insulin. While self-monitoring blood glucose SMBG machines vary, they will generally include a meter and test strip for generating readings and a lancing device to prick the skin for obtaining a small quantity of blood.
Refer to the specific instructions of a meter in every case, as machines will differ. However, the following precautions and steps will apply to many of the machines on the market:. A person who is self-monitoring diabetes uses a device called a lancet to prick the skin. While the idea of drawing blood might cause distress for some people, the lancing of the finger to obtain a blood sample should be a gentle, simple procedure.
While remembering to self-monitor involves lifestyle adjustments, it need not be an uncomfortable process. Diabetes is a serious, chronic condition. Results are interpreted as follows:. If the A1C test isn't available, or if you have certain conditions that interfere with an A1C test, your doctor may use the following tests to diagnose diabetes:.
Random blood sugar test. Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample is taken after an overnight fast. Oral glucose tolerance test. This test is less commonly used than the others, except during pregnancy. You'll need to fast overnight and then drink a sugary liquid at the doctor's office. Blood sugar levels are tested periodically for the next two hours. The American Diabetes Association recommends routine screening with diagnostic tests for type 2 diabetes in all adults age 45 or older and in the following groups:.
If you're diagnosed with diabetes, your doctor or health care provider may do other tests to distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes — since the two conditions often require different treatments. Your health care provider will repeat the test A1C levels at least two times a year and when there are any changes in treatment. Target A1C goals vary depending on your age and other factors. You will also receive regular diagnostic tests to screen for complications of diabetes or comorbid conditions.
These steps will help keep your blood sugar level closer to normal, which can delay or prevent complications. Contrary to popular perception, there's no specific diabetes diet. However, it's important to center your diet around:. Exercise is important for losing weight or maintaining a healthy weight.
It also helps with regulating blood sugar levels. Talk to your primary health care provider before starting or changing your exercise program to ensure that activities are safe for you. Aerobic exercise. Choose an aerobic exercise that you enjoy, such as walking, swimming, biking or running. Adults should aim for 30 minutes or more of moderate aerobic exercise on most days of the week, or at least minutes a week.
Children should have 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise daily. Resistance exercise. Resistance exercise increases your strength, balance and ability to perform activities of daily living more easily. Resistance training includes weightlifting, yoga and calisthenics. Adults living with type 2 diabetes should aim for two to three sessions of resistance exercise each week.
Children should engage in activities that build strength and flexibility at least three days a week. This can include resistance exercises, sports and climbing on playground equipment. Limit inactivity. Breaking up long bouts of inactivity, such as sitting at the computer, can help control blood sugar levels. Take a few minutes to stand, walk around or do some light activity every 30 minutes. Weight loss results in better control of blood sugar levels, cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure.
However, the more weight you lose, the greater the benefit to your health and disease management. Your health care provider or dietitian can help you set appropriate weight-loss goals and encourage lifestyle changes to help you achieve them. Your health care provider will advise you on how often to check your blood sugar level to make sure you remain within your target range.
You may, for example, need to check it once a day and before or after exercise. If you take insulin, you may need to do this multiple times a day. Monitoring is usually done with a small, at-home device called a blood glucose meter, which measures the amount of sugar in a drop of your blood. You should keep a record of your measurements to share with your health care team. Continuous glucose monitoring is an electronic system that records glucose levels every few minutes from a sensor placed under your skin.
Information can be transmitted to a mobile device such as your phone, and the system can send alerts when levels are too high or too low. If you can't maintain your target blood sugar level with diet and exercise, your doctor may prescribe diabetes medications that help lower insulin levels or insulin therapy.
Drug treatments for type 2 diabetes include the following. Metformin Fortamet, Glumetza, others is generally the first medication prescribed for type 2 diabetes. It works primarily by lowering glucose production in the liver and improving your body's sensitivity to insulin so that your body uses insulin more effectively.
Some people experience B deficiency and may need to take supplements. Other possible side effects, which may improve over time, include:. Sulfonylureas help your body secrete more insulin. Possible side effects include:. Glinides stimulate the pancreas to secrete more insulin. They're faster acting than sulfonylureas, and the duration of their effect in the body is shorter. Examples include repaglinide and nateglinide.
Thiazolidinediones make the body's tissues more sensitive to insulin. Examples include rosiglitazone Avandia and pioglitazone Actos.
DPP-4 inhibitors help reduce blood sugar levels but tend to have a very modest effect.
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